Siyakwamukela ochungechungeni lwethu lwesithathu nelokugcina lochungechunge lwethu oluthi “Understanding Clay Bodies”!

Ukubheka phambilini zobumba futhi amatshe amatshe, namuhla sihlola ukuthuthuka nokusetshenziswa kobumba olubaluleke kakhulu noluvame ukwenziwa uthando i-porcelain. Ngegama elivela eSpanishi 'i-porcelain ', okusho ukuthi igobolondo le-cowrie, lolu bumba oluyingqayizivele lwake lwabhekwa njengenani 'njengegolide elimhlophe', futhi lusaqhubeka lubhekwa njengolungcono kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zobumba eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa namuhla.

Umlando omfushane we-Porcelain

I-porcelain yaqala ukwakhiwa eChina endaweni ethile Eminyakeni eyi-2,000 kuye kweziyi-1,200 edlule, yingakho namuhla izinto ezithengiswayo zalolu hlelo zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi 'i-China'. Obunye ubufakazi bokuqala bezingcezu ze-porcelain zilandelelwe kusukela eMpumalanga Han Dynasty, lapho i-jade green Celadon glaze edumile yaseChina yayithandwa kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngokushesha kwasabalala kulo lonke elase-Asia futhi ngesikhathi sobukhosi beNgoma, ubuciko nokukhiqiza kwafinyelela ukuphakama okusha. Ukwakhiwa kwe-porcelain kwahlelwa kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi, futhi kwaqhubeka nokuguqukela ebukhosini bakwaMing nangale kwalokho.

Ngekhulu le-14, i-porcelain yokuqala yafika eYurophu ngenxa ye-Marco Polo. Kamuva, ngemva kokusungulwa kwemizila yokuhwebelana yamaDashi namaPutukezi eya eMpumalanga Ekude ngekhulu le-16, a. kwavela imakethe yempahla yobumba yaseShayina edalelwe ukuthunyelwa e-Europe kuphela. 

Ngokuduma kanye nenani lezimpahla zobumba, umjaho ubuse-Europe ukuze kuqhamuke imfihlo ye-porcelain futhi ube ngowokuqala ukuyikhiqiza ekhaya. Isazi samakhemikhali saseJalimane uJohann Friedrich Böttger ngokuvamile kuthiwa ungowokuqala waseYurophu ukukhiqiza ngempumelelo i-porcelain ngo-1708 ngenkathi esebenzela imboni yaseMeissen eduze kwaseDresden. Lokhu kuphikiswe, nokho, abanye bethi ukuhlonishwa kuya kumphathi wakhe, uJalimane U-Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, nabanye basathi impumelelo yokuqala yayise-UK. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yikuphi, ifomula eyakhiwe e-Meissen yathuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-porcelain ngezinga elikhulu ezwenikazi, lapho ifektri igcina isithunzi esidume umhlaba wonke kuze kube namuhla.

Izakhiwo ze-Porcelain

Yini ngempela eyenza i-porcelain yafunwa futhi kwaba nzima kangaka ukuyikhiqiza? Sishilo ngaphambili ukuthi leli gama lasuselwa egameni leSpanishi elisho igobolondo le-cowrie, futhi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ubuso bobumba olubasiwe babushelelezi, buqinile, futhi bubuhle njengalawo magobolondo. 

I-porcelain ngokuvamile yakhiwa izingxenye ezintathu: kaolin, feldspar futhi asebenza ngebhethri. I-Kaolin iyisithako esiyinhloko lapha, uhlobo olumhlophe oluyingqayizivele lobumba oluvela ngokwemvelo okuyinto ithatha igama layo kuGaoling, idolobhana eliseJingdezhen, eChina lapho laqala ukusetshenziswa khona. Yakhiwe nge-alumina silicate, futhi inikeza isici sombala omhlophe noma oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka osufana ne-porcelain.

Ngaphezu kombala wayo ongenasici, i-porcelain idume ngokufaka i-vitrifying emazingeni okushisa aphezulu okudubula, okuyenza ingabi nezimbotshana ngokuphelele, iqine emanzini, futhi iqine. Lokhu kuminyana kuphinde kubangele izinga eliphezulu lokushwabana kunezitsha zobumba nezinsimbi, kanti ezinye zincipha zize zibe ngu-16%.

I-porcelain nayo idume ngekhono layo lokusebenza ngomzimba omncane ngendlela emangalisayo, kuze kube sobala. Lokhu kungenxa yobukhulu bayo bezinhlayiya ezinhle, ezivumela nezindawo eziqoshwe kahle. Lokhu kunezihibe zakho nokho, njengoba kwenza kube ubumba okunzima ukusebenza ngalo, olunenkumbulo eqinile kanye nokuzwela okukhulu emanzini. 

Izinhlobo ze-Porcelain

Ubumba lwe-porcelain lungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-porcelain eqinile, i-porcelain ethambile, Futhi amathambo china. Ake sibheke izici zohlobo ngalunye.

I-Porcelain Eqinile

Ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa 'i-porcelain yeqiniso,' lolu hlobo lwenziwa ekuqaleni kusukela kunhlanganisela ye-feldspathic rock petuntse kanye ne-kaolin, futhi ishiswa emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kakhulu, ngokuvamile azungeze u-2550°F (1400°C). Ama-porcelain okuqala awela kulesi sigaba. Namuhla, i-porcelain enamathiselwe kanzima ngokuvamile yenziwa ngengxube ye-kaolin, i-feldspar, ne-quartz, futhi manje isihlukaniswa nobumba obumba obuthambile obuthambile ngokuyinhloko ngokwezinga lokushisa lokudubula.

Soft-Namathisela Porcelain

Lolu hlobo ngezinye izikhathi lubizwa ngokuthi 'i-porcelain yokufakelwa', nakuba lwamukelwa kabanzi njengohlobo lwangempela lwe-porcelain. Ivutha ekushiseni okuphansi okungaba ngu-2200°F (1200°C), okuyenza ibe buthaka kancane. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi lokudubula linikeza izinzuzo ezithile, nokho, kufaka phakathi iphalethi ebanzi yemibala yokuhlobisa kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. 

I-soft-paste iphinda ibe yimbudumbudu kune-hard-paste porcelain, kwakheka ingilazi encane ngesikhathi sokudubula.

Bone China

Lolu bumba lwakhiwe ngomlotha wamathambo, impahla ye-feldspathic, ne-kaolin. Inamandla kunawo wonke ama-porcelain, okuba nayo amandla aphezulu kakhulu emishini nawomzimba kanye nokumelana ne-chip, futhi yaziwa ngamazinga aphezulu okuba mhlophe nokuguquguquka. Amandla ayo aphezulu ayivumela ukuthi ikhiqizwe ngezigaba eziphambanayo ezincane kunezinye izinhlobo ze-porcelain.

I-Bone China yathuthukiswa e-UK, lapho amafekthri aqala ukufaka umlotha wamathambo kuma-porcelain azo anamathisele okuthambile emzamweni wokuphindaphinda ubumba oluqinile lwase-Asia. Ngenxa yalokhu, ubumba ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi 'i-English porcelain'. Yahlala iyincwadi yaseBrithani kuphela iminyaka engu-200, ngaphambi kokuba igcine ikhiqizwe eJapane, kamuva kwase Russia, eChina nakulo lonke elase-Asia.

I-Porcelain Glazes kanye Nezindawo

Kunobubanzi obubanzi bezinqubo zokucwebezela kanye nezinqubo zokucwebezela ezivame ukusetshenziswa ku-porcelain, kusukela kokucwebezelayo kwakudala, ukuya ekucwebezeleni kwegolide, kuya kumbala opaque nemibala egqamile. Namuhla, sizobheka ezimbalwa ezihlotshaniswa ngokuqondile nalo mzimba wobumba omuhle.

Okuluhlaza nokumhlophe

Le combo ecwebezelayo nebala cishe yiyona efika kuqala engqondweni kubantu abaningi uma becabanga nge-porcelain. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo empeleni kwandulela i-porcelain, yaqala ukuvela ebukhosini baseTang (618 - 906), kodwa kwaba yilapho ithola indlela yayo ku-porcelain lapho ukuthandwa kwayo kwanda khona. 

Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokumhlophe ngokuvamile kufinyelelwa ngokuxubha ibala le-cobalt odambeni olumhlophe, nokusebenzisa i-glaze ecacile phezulu. Kungabuye kufezwe ngokuxubha i-cobalt phezulu kwe-glaze.

ICeladon

Ama-Celadon amacwebe amahle aluhlaza acwebezelayo athuthukiswa e-China futhi aziswa ngombala wawo oluhlaza. Nakuba udumo lwazo lwagcina ludlulwa i-porcelain eshiwo ngenhla eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe, lezi zithombe ezicwebezelayo zisathandwa abaculi nabathandi namuhla. 

Ama-Celadon ayancishiswa, futhi aqukethe i-iron oxide ukuze afinyelele umbala wawo wesici. Izihlahla ze-celadon ezivame ukusetshenziswa namuhla zivame ukuba sobala ngokucwebezelayo kuyilapho izinguqulo zasendulo zazine-waxy futhi zi-opaque. Zivame ukusetshenziswa phezu kwezindawo ezibaziweyo, lapho ukujula okuhlukahlukene kwe-glaze kudala ukuhlukahluka kombala omuhle nokucashile.

I-Overglaze Painting noma i-Enameling

Kungenzeka ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi izibonelo ezimbalwa esizifakile kule bhulogi zinezindawo ezihlotshiswe kakhulu. Lokhu kufezwa ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-overglaze paint, eyathuthukiswa eShayina futhi ekugcineni yasakazekela kulo lonke elase-Asia naseYurophu. 

Ukucwebezela ngokweqile kungenziwa emizimbeni yobumba ehlukene kanye namazinga okushisa ahlukene, kodwa endabeni ye-porcelain, ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa ukufaka umbala oxutshwe nama-fluxes endaweni evele icwebezelisiwe, bese ucisha kabusha ucezu ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu. Izingulube, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi opende baseChina, ziyancibilika kuhhavini futhi zihlale zihlala njalo. Le nqubo ivumela imininingwane emihle kakhulu nemibala egqamile. 

Ukucwebezela, njengegolide nesiliva, kuwuhlobo lokucwebezela ngokweqile.

Njengoba siphetha ukuhlola kwethu i-porcelain, siyajabula ukuthola leli thuba lokugubha imvelo eyingqayizivele yalolu bumba oluhle. Kusukela ezimpandeni zayo zomlando kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwamanje, ukucolisiswa kophawu lokuhweba lwe-porcelain kanye nokukhiqizwa okungaqondakali kuye kwalolonga ukuba khona kwayo okuhlala njalo emhlabeni wezitsha zobumba. Lolu hambo lujulise ukuqonda kwethu ubuciko nobungcweti obutshalwa yi-porcelain, futhi ngethemba ukuthi likugqugquzele ukuthi uzame lokhu okubalulekile okuyinselele!

Uma ungathanda ukufunda kabanzi mayelana nokusebenza nge-porcelain, sinenani lenkundla yokusebenzela ezolungela wena! Ukuze uqalise, cabanga Ted Secombe's "Ukuphonsa i-Porcelain," lapho lombumbi oyingcweti ehamba nawe ngenqubo yakhe yokuphonsa isinyathelo ngesinyathelo. Noma uma ukubaza kungaphezu kwakho into, bheka Sunkoo Yuh's “Indlela yokwenza isithombe se-porcelain,” lapho ungalandela khona inqubo yakhe kusukela emidwebeni yokuqala ukuya endleleni enembile yokusebenza nge-porcelain.