Siyakwamukela ochungechungeni lwethu lwe-“Understanding Clay Bodies”, lapho senza khona ukujula ezicini ezihlukile zezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zobumba: zobumba, amatshe amatshe, Futhi i-porcelain.

Ngemva kokudalula ubungqayizivele kanye nokubaluleka komlando wezitsha zobumba ku isitolimende sethu sokuqala, manje sibhekisa ukunakekela kwethu kwelinye ilungu elihloniphekile lomkhaya wobumba: I-Stoneware. Ngomlando wayo ocebile, izimfanelo ezihlukile, kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene, ubumba lwe-stoneware lumi njengobufakazi bokuvela kobuciko be-ceramic phakathi neminyaka.

Umlando omfushane we-Stoneware

I-Stoneware isiwuhlobo lobumba oluyisisekelo kubakhi abaningi besimanje, ngakho-ke kulula ukuyicabanga njengento evamile. Emlandweni wezitsha zobumba, nokho, izinto zamatshe empeleni ziwukusungulwa kwesimanjemanje, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwazo kuphawula intuthuko enkulu kwezobuchwepheshe.

Amatshe angacwebezeli kwaba okokuqala kwenziwa eChina eminyakeni eyizi-2000 edlule, futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi ithuthuke ngokwemvelo njengesandiso samazinga okushisa aphezulu kuzuzwe ekuthuthukisweni kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kokunciphisa ukudubula. Ngokushesha kwaba yinsakavukela eChina naseJapane yangenkathi ephakathi, nakuba eShayina ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwehliswa ngesikhathi soBukhosi baseMing, ngenxa yokukhula kobumba kanye nomphumela wokwanda kokuthandwa. I-Stoneware nayo yayisetshenziswa e-Korea ngekhulu lesi-5, futhi yayisezingeni eliseduze nele-porcelain. 

I-Stoneware yayihamba kancane ukuthuthukiswa eYurophu, futhi yatholakala ngaphandle kwe-Asia. Lokhu kubambezeleka kudalwe ukusetshenziswa kwe amahhavini angasebenzi kahle, kanye nokufinyelela okuncane kumadiphozithi obumba olufanele. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kokuqala kwakungaphakathi EJalimane ngekhulu le-13, lapho yakhiqizwa khona ezifundeni ezigudle iRhine, futhi ngokushesha yaba ukuthunyelwa okuyigugu kakhulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ngenkathi i-stoneware ayizange yenziwe eBrithani kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, izwe lagcina libe umenzi waseYurophu owasungula futhi obaluleke kakhulu wezinto zamatshe ezinhle ngekhulu le-18 nele-19. 

Kwakuyini nge-stoneware eyenza yafiseleka futhi yabalulekile? Ake sibheke izici zayo eziyingqayizivele ngezansi ukuze sithole.

Izakhiwo ze-Stoneware

I-Stoneware iwubumba lwesibili, okusho ukuthi lapho sakhiwe endaweni ezungezile, sicosha ukungcola ezidinga ukuthi icutshungulwe ukuze isetshenziswe. Ngokuyinhloko yakhiwe i-quartz, ubumba, ne-feldspar. Lokhu kwakheka kuvumela i-stoneware ukuthi ingene kunqubo ye-vitrification (ukwakheka kwengilazi) lapho ixoshwa ekuvuthweni, nakuba ngokuvamile ithola i-vitrification ingxenye futhi igcina izinga eliphansi le-porosity. Nakuba ubumba lwe-stoneware lwenzeka ngokwemvelo, aluvamile kakhulu kunezitsha zobumba, futhi ukungezwa ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela yokudubula okuphezulu.

I-vitrification ingxenye yobumba kubangela ubumba olungenazimbotshana kakhulu kunezitsha zobumba. Lokhu kuvumela inzuzo ephawulekayo, okungukuthi ubumba aludingi ukucwebezela ukuze lungabi namanzi. Futhi kwenza umsebenzi oxoshiwe uhlale isikhathi eside ukuze usetshenziswe ngaphandle ezimweni zezulu eziba yiqhwa.

Ubumba be-Stoneware baziwa ngezindawo zabo zokusebenza ezinhle kakhulu, okubangelwa ukuba khona kwabo i-ball-clay-based. Ubumba lwebhola luthethelela kakhulu kune-kaolins (okuyisisekelo sobumba lwe-porcelain), oluhlanganisa ipulasitiki ephezulu, ikhwalithi yokusanhlamvu enhle, namandla aphezulu e-greenware. 

I-Stoneware ingaxoshwa kanye noma ixoshwe kabili. Nakuba ngokuvamile ihlukaniswa njengobumba oluphakathi kuya kokushisayo, amazinga okushisa okudubula angahluka kakhulu, ngokuvamile ukusuka ku-2012F/1100C kuya ku-2372F/1300C kuye ngokuqukethwe okuguquguqukayo. Kungenzeka futhi ukudala a i-stoneware body that vitrifies at Cone 02! Umzimba wobumba ungashiswa ku-oxidation noma ukunciphisa, inqubo ngayinye idala izimfanelo zobuhle eziyingqayizivele.

Izindwangu zamatshe zihluka ngombala, ukusuka kokumhlophe-omhlophe, ukuya kunsundu ojulile, ukuya kumabala. Ivamise ukusetshenziselwa izengezo, njengephepha, i-grog, noma amabala omzimba.

Izinhlobo ze-Stoneware

Njengasezitsha zobumba, izitsha zetshe ziza ngezinhlobo ezahlukene ezisekelwe ezindaweni ezihlukene kanye nokusetshenziswa. Ngokuvamile, abadwebi be-ceramic basebenza ngezinto zamatshe ezihlukaniswa njengezendabuko (imizimba engabizi yanoma imuphi umbala owenziwe ngohlamvu oluhle lwesibili, ubumba lwepulasitiki) noma izinto zamatshe ezinhle (ezenziwe ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezikhethwe ngokucophelela, ezilungiselelwe, nezihlanganisiwe). Phakathi kwalezi zigaba ezimbili kukhona inqwaba yobumba obuyingqayizivele osekwaziwa ngezimfanelo zabo. Sizobheka okumbalwa kwalokhu manje.

Yixing Clay

Lesi sitsha samatshe sidabuka eSifundazweni saseJiangsu, eChina, futhi sisetshenziswe ezitsheni zobumba zaseShayina kusukela ebukhosini beNgoma (960-1279). Ubumba lwe-Yixing luyingxube ye i-kaolin, i-quartz ne-mica, enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-iron oxide. Iza ngokunsomi, obomvu, no-beige, futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu kumathiyethi adumile e-Yixing. Lezi zimbiza zetiye zibonakala kalula ngenxa yezindawo zazo ezibushelelezi, ezicebile, ezingacwebezeli ezenziwe zaba nokwenzeka yizimfanelo zalolu bumba. 

I-Ironstone

I-Ironstone clay yathuthukiswa e-Staffordshire UK ngekhulu le-19th, ekugcineni yenza indlela yayo eya e-US ngo-1850. Ihlanganyela ezinye izakhiwo nezitsha zobumba futhi ngezinye izikhathi ihlukaniswa kanjalo, kodwa i-vitrification yayo iyenza isondele kakhulu ku-stoneware. Nakuba ngokuvamile kucashunwa njengokuqukethe i-ironstone yamaminerali, ubumba empeleni aluqukethe lesi sithako. Kunalokho, leli gama livela emandleni aphakeme obumba okwavumela ukukhiqizwa kwezinto zokuhlobisa ezinosayizi omkhulu. 

I-ovenware

I-ovenware isho ubumba olwakhelwe ukumelana nokushaqeka kokufakwa kuhhavini, futhi ngokuvamile lusetshenziselwa ukwenza izinto ezifana nezitsha ze-casserole. Ihlukile ku-flameware, eklanyelwe ukuphatha ilangabi eliqondile. Ubumba lwe-ovenware ngokuvamile lwenziwa nge-stoneware evuthayo enobumba oluncane lwebhola, futhi equkethe i-pyrophyllite, ubumba bomlilo, ne-lithium feldspars, njenge-spodumene noma i-petalite. Lezi zithako zisiza ekwehliseni ukunwebeka okushisayo kobumba, kwenze ukuthi lukwazi ukumelana nokuqhekeka uma lusetshenziswa kuhhavini. 

Raku Clay

Ukuqina kwenqubo yokudubula esetshenziselwa i-raku yesitayela saseNyakatho Melika kudinga ubumba oluqinile olunokumelana nokushaqeka okuphezulu okushisayo. Futhi nakuba izinga lokushisa eliphansi lokudubula elisetshenziselwa i-raku lingase likuholele ekucabangeni ukuthi izitsha zobumba ziwukubheja kwakho okuhle, akuyona inketho ekahle uma ulandela abamnyama abanamandla ezindaweni zakho ezingacwebezeli. Okuqukethwe yinsimbi kulolu bumba kumelana nokubanjwa kwekhabhoni okuvame ukufunwa kakhulu ku-raku, njengoba kwenza iphuzu labo eliphansi lokuvuthwa. Esikhundleni salokho, ubumba olufanele lwe-raku ubumba lwamatshe oluhlanganisa ukungezwa kwe-Kyanite. Lesi sithako sandisa ukumelana nokushisa kobumba, kuyilapho iphuzu eliphakeme le-vitrification le-stoneware livumela ukumnyama okunamandla kobumba (njengoba indawo yayo engakavuthwa enezimbotshana ivumela ukuthi intuthu idonswe kalula). Ubumba lwe-Raku lutholakala kakhulu kubakhiqizi abaningi bobumba, futhi izindlela zokupheka zingahluka. Izinhlobo ezigaywe kakhulu zivamile, kodwa imizimba emihle iyatholakala. 

Ama-Stoneware Glazes ajwayelekile

Ngokuthuthukiswa kobumba lwamatshe kanye neziko lomlilo ophezulu, umhlaba omusha ocwebezelayo uvulekele abaculi be-ceramic. Ama-Stoneware glaze aziwa ngamathoni awo asemhlabeni, nakuba ukuthuthukiswa kokufakwa kwamabala kuye kwavumela imibala egqamile kulawa mazinga okushisa aphezulu. Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kokuncishiswa kokudubula ngezinto zamatshe kuphinde kwaholela emiphumeleni ecwebezelayo esemkhathini ebikade ingabonakali ngobumba lobumba. Ngobubanzi, ama-stoneware glaze angahlukaniswa abe yizigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko, esizoxoxa ngazo ngezansi.

Izingilazi ze-Feldspathic

Lawa ma-glaze ngokuvamile enziwa ngawo feldspar, silica, calcium, nobumba, ngama-oxide ensimbi anezelwa ukunikeza umbala ocwebezelayo. Njengoba ungakwazi ukuqagela ngegama, i-feldspar iyisithako esiyinhloko lapha, iboleka izakhiwo zayo eziguquguqukayo eziphezulu ukuze idale ama-glazes oketshezi. Inani elicwebezelayo eliyisithonjana liwela esigabeni se-feldspar, okuhlanganisa nalawo angezansi.

AmaShino

I-Shino glazes yavela e-Japan, futhi isetshenziselwa ubumba lwamatshe ekunciphiseni ukudubula. Uhlobo olucwebezelayo olugcwele ubuntu kanye ne-mystique, ama-shino akhiqiza imibala esuka kukhilimu, iye kumawolintshi acebile kanye nonsundu, anokukhanya okubomvu noma okusansimbi okungenzeka. Bajwayele ukukhasa, ukuhlanya, ukuphina, kanye nokubamba i-carbon, okuthi, nakuba kubhekwa njengephutha kwezinye izinto ezicwebezelayo, zamukelwa njengengxenye yohlamvu lwe-glaze.

Ekuqaleni amaShino bekuyingxube yezingxenye ezimbili ecishe ibe ngu-70-80% we-alumina ephezulu, i-sodium feldspar ephezulu kanye nobumba obungama-20-30%., nakuba izindlela zokupheka zanamuhla zivame ukulungiswa ukuze kutholakale indawo ecwebezelayo nephephile ekudleni.

I-Tenmoku

Lena i-glaze yokunciphisa enothile ngensimbi evela e-China yasendulo, noma kunjalo igama layo liza kithi livela eJapan, lapho kamuva yaduma khona. Nakuba ingasetshenziswa kukho kokubili i-stoneware ne-porcelain, insimbi ekhona emizimbeni eminingi ye-stoneware iyaziwa ukuyinikeza ukujula okwengeziwe. Lena i-glaze engahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe kubumba, isimiso sokudubula, nenqubo yokupholisa. Mhlawumbe yaziwa kakhulu ngomthelela wayo wokugqabuka okubomvu phezu kwemiphetho, ngokubukeka okucwebezelayo nokucishe kube mnyama. Kungase futhi kubangele i-maroon glaze enegolide noma emnyama. Kuyi-glaze ewuketshezi kakhulu enikeza umuzwa onamandla wokunyakaza.

Ama-Ash Glazes

Ama-Ash glazes yilawo enziwe ngomlotha wokhuni noma ezinye izitshalo, nazo ukusetshenziswa kokuqala ngesikhathi seShang eShayina cishe ngo-1500 BCE. Kukholakala ukuthi lezi glaze ekuqaleni zavela ngengozi njenge umlotha wezinkuni ezishisiwe eziko wawela phezu kwamabhodwe. Ama-Ash glaze anombala omhlaba, kusukela kokunsundu, kuya kokuluhlaza, noma okuphuzi, futhi abonakala kalula ngokuconsa kwawo. 

I-Salt Glaze

Enye yezinto ezintsha eziqanjiwe ze-ceramic zaseYurophu yasendulo, i-salt glaze yayiyiyo ithuthukiswe okokuqala eJalimane ekuqaleni kwawo-1400. Nakuba ingasasetshenziswa ezingeni lezimboni ngenxa yokudalwa kwayo okuphezulu kokungcoliswa komoya, ukucwebezela kukasawoti kusasetshenziswa ababumbi be-studio emhlabeni jikelele. I-glaze yaziwa kakhulu ngokuthungwa kwayo kwekhasi eliwolintshi, futhi ihluka ngombala kusuka kokucacile kuya kokunsundu, nama-oxide afana ne-cobalt evame ukusetshenziselwa ukwengeza imihlobiso. I-glaze yenziwa kuhhavini ngokungeza usawoti ovamile ngasekupheleni kokudubula. Ubumba lwe-Stoneware oluphezulu ku-silica lusebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi ukudubula kokunciphisa kusiza ukwandisa ukuguquguquka kwanoma yiziphi izinhlayiya zensimbi.

I-Soda Glaze

Ukucwebezela kwesoda kuthuthukiswe njengempendulo ekuqwashiseni okwengeziwe mayelana nemithelela yemvelo yokudubula kukasawoti. Inqubo yaba yathuthukiswa ngeminyaka yawo-1970 enyuvesi yase-Alfred ngabafundi abambalwa abaneziqu ngokuhlanganisa i-baking soda nomlotha wesoda. Le nhlanganisela ikhiqiza i-carbon dioxide njenge-byproduct, kune-hydrochloric acid, okwenza kuphephe nakakhulu kokubili endaweni ezungezile nakithi. 

Njengokudubula kukasawoti, ukudubula ngesoda kuyinqubo yokudubula umhwamuko, lapho izinto ezisetshenziswayo zengezwa eziko lamabhodwe angacwebezeli ngesikhathi sokudubula. Ukunyakaza kwempahla kanye nomhwamuko ovelayo kuhhoni lonke kudala amaphethini akhanyayo ahlukile kuwo wonke amabhodwe. Imibala ekhiqizwayo igqame kakhulu kunaleyo yokudubula kukasawoti, kusukela kokucacile, kuya kokumpunga, okuphuzi, okusawolintshi, okubomvu, nokunsundu. Ukwengezwa kwama-oxides anemibala kungaletha okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuhlaza. Njenge-salt glaze, i-soda nayo ingaveza umphumela we-orange peel.

Lapho siphetha ukuhlola kwethu ubumba lwe-stoneware, isitolimende sesibili ochungechungeni lwethu lwebhulogi, sithole imvelo ekwazi ukumelana nezimo nokuguquguquka yalolu hlobo lobumba. Kusukela ezimpandeni zayo zomlando kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwamanje, ukuthungwa okuhlukile kwe-stoneware nezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokudubula zilolonge ukuba khona kwazo okuhlala njalo emhlabeni wezitsha zobumba. Lolu hambo lujulise ukuqonda kwethu ubuciko nobungcweti obukhuthazayo, okubekela inkundla ingxenye yokugcina yochungechunge lwethu lapho sizodalula khona izimfihlakalo zobumba lwe-porcelain!

Uma ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe ngama-stoneware glazes, kanye nalawo amanye amabanga okudubula, hlola Matthew BlakelyIshabhu yokwenza izingilazi ezivela ku-Rocks, Clays, kanye ne-Ash. Kulesi sifundo esiyingqayizivele uzofunda ukuthi ungaqoqa kanjani, ucubungule, futhi uhlole izinto zokwakha ukuze wenze owakho ama-glaze ahlukile!

Futhi uma uphuthelwe isitolimende sokuqala salolu chungechunge, qiniseka ukuthi uyaluhlola lapha!